AlerTiger: Deep Learning for AI Model Health Monitoring at LinkedIn

Data-driven companies use AI models extensively to develop products and intelligent business solutions, making the health of these models crucial for business success. Model monitoring and alerting in industries pose unique challenges, including a lack of clear model health metrics definition, label sparsity, and fast model iterations that result in short-lived models and features. As a product, there are also requirements for scalability, generalizability, and explainability. To tackle these challenges, we propose AlerTiger, a deep-learning-based MLOps model monitoring system that helps AI teams across the company monitor their AI models' health by detecting anomalies in models' input features and output score over time. The system consists of four major steps: model statistics generation, deep-learning-based anomaly detection, anomaly post-processing, and user alerting. Our solution generates three categories of statistics to indicate AI model health, offers a two-stage deep anomaly detection solution to address label sparsity and attain the generalizability of monitoring new models, and provides holistic reports for actionable alerts. This approach has been deployed to most of LinkedIn's production AI models for over a year and has identified several model issues that later led to significant business metric gains after fixing

A study of utility of Delta IGG as a prognostic marker in Guillain barre syndrome after IV immunoglobulin treatment

Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute onset immune-mediated disease affecting  the  peripheral  nerve  also  its  root  Plasma exchange(PE) and intravenous immuno globulin(IVIG) have given evidence for faster recovery in GBS(4). IVIG treatment is comparatively costly but hospital stay duration is reduced. Other options include corticosteroids but have not shown benefit. Mortality of GBS is around 3%. Around 20 % patients have persisting neurological deficits and one half of these have severe disability. After a standard dose of IVIg treatment, GBS patients show a large variation in pharmacokinetics of IgG, which may be related to clinical outcome. The therapeutic dose of IVIg for GBS was empirically set at 2g per kg body weight, based mainly on the clinical experience in patients with immune deficiencies. Not all patients of GBS, however, show a good recovery after this standard dose. IVIg clearance may depend on disease severity and vary between individuals, implying that this dose may be suboptimal for some patients who might need DOSE adjustments for others the standard dose might be sufficient. Aims and Objectives: To study and determine the serum DELTA IgG values and evaluate its utility in the prognosis of Guillain Barre Syndrome after IVIG treatment.&nbsp

A study of utility of delta IgG as a prognostic marker in Guillain Barre Syndrome after IV immunoglobulin treatment

Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute onset immune-mediated disease affecting  the  peripheral  nerve  also  its  root  Plasma exchange(PE) and intravenous immuno globulin(IVIG) have given evidence for faster recovery in GBS(4). IVIG treatment is comparatively costly but hospital stay duration is reduced.Other options include corticosteroids but have not shown benefit. Mortality of GBS is around 3%. Around 20 % patients have persisting neurological deficits and one half of these have severe disability. After a standard dose of IVIg treatment, GBS patients show a large variation in pharmacokinetics of IgG, which may be related to clinical outcome. The therapeutic dose of IVIg for GBS was empirically set at 2g per kg body weight, based mainly on the clinical experience in patients with immune deficiencies. Not all patients of GBS, however, show a good recovery after this standard dose. IVIg clearance may depend on disease severity and vary between individuals, implying that this dose may be suboptimal for some patients who might need DOSE adjustments for others the standard dose might be sufficient. Aims and Objectives: To study and determine the serum DELTA IgG values and evaluate its utility in the prognosis of Guillain Barre Syndrome after IVIG treatment

Effect of coal combustion products in reducing soluble phosphorus in soil. II, Leaching study

Phosphorus (P) management in agriculture is crucial for both environmental health and future availability of P resource. Application of P as fertilisers (organic or inorganic) often results in either P accumulation in soil or loss to water bodies, rendering them unavailable to crops. In this study, the mobility of inorganic (KH2PO4 (PP)) and organic (poultry manure (PM)) P sources, as affected by coal combustion products (CCPs: fly ash (FA) and fluidised bed combustion ash (FBC)) application to soils, was evaluated using column leaching experiments. The incubated samples were also characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand their surface properties in relation to P adsorption and leaching. The results showed differential effects of CCPs to P treatments—in the case of PP, the CCPs decreased P leaching by 12.11 % (FA) and 20.56 % (FBC), whereas in the case of PM treatment, both CCPs increased P in leachates by 35.53 % (FA) and 18.44 % (FBC). The decrease in P leaching for PP-treated soil as affected by CCPs was attributed to high pH and Ca concentration. There was a negative relationship between the increase in CCP-induced pH and P leaching demonstrating that pH plays a crucial role in Pimmobilisation, transformation and leaching. The increase in P leaching for CCP-incubated–PM-treated soils was because of the mineralisation of organic P from PM. The surface chemistry from XRD and SEM results showed an increased surface area for CCPs incubatedsoil compared to the control and also showed the presence of Ca-rich minerals in CCPs such as ettringite, wollastonite and merwinite

Sorption kinetics of zinc and nickel on modified chitosan

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of equilibration time on adsorption of zinc [Zn(II)] and nickel [Ni(II)] on pure and modified chitosan beads. The initial adsorption of Zn(II) was high on molybdenum (Mo)-impregnated chitosan beads (MoCB) during the initial 60 min. However, after 240 min, Zn(II) adsorption occurred more on single super phosphate chitosan beads (SSPCB), followed by monocalcium phosphate chitosan beads (MCPCB), untreated pure chitosan beads (UCB), and MoCB. Similarly, Ni(II) adsorption was greatest on MoCB during the initial 60 min. At the conclusion of the experiment (at 240 min), the greatest adsorption was occurred on MCPCB, followed by MoCB, UCB, and SSPCB. Chemical sorption and intra-particle diffusion were probably the dominant processes responsible for Zn(II) and Ni(II) sorption onto chitosan beads. The results demonstrated that modified chitosan beads were effective in adsorbing Zn and Ni and hence, could be used for the removal of these toxic metals from soil

Concomitant reduction and immobilization of chromium in relation to its bioavailability in soils

In this study, two carbon materials [chicken manure biochar (CMB) and black carbon (BC)] were investigated for their effects on the reduction of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in two spiked [600 mg Cr(VI) kg−1] and one tannery waste contaminated [454 mg Cr(VI) kg−1] soils. In spiked soils, both the rate and the maximum extent of reduction of Cr(VI) to trivalent Cr [Cr(III)] were higher in the sandy loam than clay soil, which is attributed to the difference in the extent of Cr(VI) adsorption between the soils. The highest rate of Cr(VI) reduction was observed in BC-amended sandy loam soil, where it reduced 452 mg kg−1 of Cr(VI), followed by clay soil (427 mg kg−1) and tannery soil (345 mg kg−1). X-ray photoelectron microscopy confirmed the presence of both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) species in BC within 24 h of addition of Cr(VI), which proved its high reduction capacity. The resultant Cr(III) species either adsorbs or precipitates in BC and CMB. The addition of carbon materials to the tannery soil was also effective in decreasing the phytotoxicity of Cr(VI) in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants. Therefore, it is concluded that the addition of carbon materials enhanced the reduction of Cr(VI) and the subsequent immobilization of Cr(III) in soils

Switchover to generic cyclosporine in stable renal transplant recipients: a single unit experience

Background: The introduction of the immunosuppressant cyclosporine has significantly improved renal transplant survival. It is an expensive drug and generic alternatives may offer cost advantages. However, generic alternatives must be shown to provide equivalent therapeutic efficacy and safety. This study reports our experience of a switch from the microemulsion formulation of cyclosporine, Neoral (Novartis), to the generic equivalent, Cysporin (Mayne Pharma). Method: A two-period, single-sequence, cross-over study was done to compare cyclosporine blood levels and the area under the curve (AUC) of Neoral with Cysporin 2 weeks after a 1:1 dose switch. cyclosporine blood levels were measured at time points 0, 2, 4 and 8 h (C0, C2, C4, C8) after the switch. The cyclosporine AUC at 0-4 h and 0-12 h were calculated using the trapezoidal method. The two formulations were considered to result in equivalent blood levels if the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the ratio of the two levels was within 0.8-1.25. Results and Conclusion: A total of 38 stable renal transplant patients aged 49.79 ± 11.38 years (mean ± SD), who were 7.84 ± 3.97 years postrenal transplantation, were studied. The Neoral dose at the time of the switch was 2.38 ± 1.21 mg per kg bodyweight. At all measured time points the 95% CI for the cyclosporine drug level ratio was between 0.9 and 1.15. There were no significant adverse events during the period of study. We conclude that the generic formulation of cylosporin, Cysporin, after a 1:1 switch from Neoral results in equivalent blood levels in stable renal transplant recipients. After switchover cyclosporine levels at C0 or C2 can continue to be monitored as per the institution's current monitoring practice

Comparative sorption of chromium species as influenced by pH, surface charge and organic matter content in contaminated soils

Excessive use of chromium (Cr) in several industrial applications has a significant impact on soil biota. Chromium when present in soil and water occurs in two forms [Cr(III) and Cr(VI)] which exhibit contrasting characteristics and therefore retention of these two species is of prime importance to arrest Cr contamination in the environment. In this study, the effect of lime, elemental sulfur (to change pH), Fe(III) oxide (for surface charge) and cow manure (organic matter content) was tested on the retention capacity of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in contaminated soils. The results showed that the addition of lime increased Cr(III) retention while elemental sulfur (So), Fe(III) oxide and cow manure increased Cr(VI) retention. The effect of So on Cr(VI) sorption is mediated through a decrease in soil pH, which facilitated an increased retention of Cr(VI) as measured by Freundlich sorption coefficient from 0.079 (in pristine soil, pH 7.15) to 21.06 L/kg (in So amended soil, pH 4.08). Also, Fe(III) oxide addition at 5% has favoured for an increase in the retention of Cr(VI) (Kf = 91.15 L/kg). Cow manure promoted Cr(VI) reduction, possibly due to the presence of functional groups that are present along with dissolved organic carbon and also by increased microbial activity. It is concluded that the mitigation of Cr toxicity is brought about by the addition of amendments which manipulate the properties of soil to increase retention of Cr(III) and Cr(VI)